The main component of a solar panel is a solar cell, which convertsthe Sun’s energy to usable electrical energy. The most common form of solar panels involve crystalline silicon-type solar cells. These solar cells are formed using layers of elemental silicon and elements such as phosphorus and boron. The elements added to the silicon layers form an n-type layer, which has an excess of electrons, and a p-type layer, which has a deficit of electrons. These two layers form a p-n junction.
Most solar cells are a few square centimetres in area and protected from the environment by a thin coating of glass or transparent plastic. Because a typical 10 × 10-cm (4 × 4-inch) solar cell generates only about two wattsof electrical power (15 to 20 percent of the energy of light incident on their surface), cells are usually combined in series to boost the voltage or in parallel to increase the current. A solar, or photovoltaic, module generally consists of 36 interconnected cells laminated to glass within an aluminumframe. In turn, one or more of these modules may be wired and framed together to form a solar panel.
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